U.S. HISTORY

CHAPTER 15:  THE DRUMS OF WAR – THE CIVIL WAR

SECTION 1. SLAVERY

Slavery continued to divide the North and South.  The western territories were a big problem for Congress. They couldn't decide if they should admit these territories as slave states where slavery was allowed, or as free states where slavery was not allowed.  In 1820, there was the same number of free and slave states, so they had equal power in the Senate.  How Congress decided to admit the new western territories would decide which group of states had more power in the Senate.

In 1818, Missouri asked to be admitted to the Union as a slave state.  Northern members of Congress were against this, because it would give the slave states more power.  Henry Clay finally offered a solution.  Missouri would come in as a slave state and Maine would come in as a free state.  From then on, slavery would be forbidden anyplace north of latitude 36o30'.  This line was the southern border of Missouri.  Slavery would be allowed anywhere south of this line.  When Congress accepted the Missouri Compromise in 1820, many people hoped the slavery issue had finally been settled.

Congress tried very hard to keep the balance of power in the Union.  Arkansas joined as a slave state in 1836 and Michigan came in as a free state in 1837.  In 1845, Texas and Florida joined as slave states.  The balance of power was restored when Iowa and Wisconsin joined as free states in 1846 and 1848.  When the U.S. bought land in the Southwest from Mexico in 1848, another problem came up.  Congress fought over whether slavery should be allowed in this new region.

David Wilmot said that slavery should not be allowed in the new southwestern territory.  This was the extreme northern position.  John C. Calhoun gave the extreme southern view.  He said that slaves were personal property and it wasn't fair for a slaveowner to lose his property if he moved to a free state.  Therefore, he wanted slavery allowed in every state.  Some people had more moderate ideas and wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise line.  Others wanted the people of each state to vote on whether or not they wanted slavery.  By the end of the 1850’s, most people supported one of the two extreme views.

The Free Soil party became active in 1838.  Its members were against slavery in the territories but didn't care if the southern states had slaves.  In 1848, the Free Soilers nominated Martin Van Buren for president.  Although he lost, he did get some northern votes.  The fact that this new political party was only supported by the North showed that the country was splitting even more.

In 1848, there were 15 free states and 15 slave states. When gold was discovered in California, thousands of people rushed to the area.  With its increase in population, California asked to be admitted to the Union as a free state in1849.  This started the slavery debate in Congress again.  Henry Clay offered another compromise.  California would be admitted as a free state, but in the rest of the southwestern territory people would be allowed to vote on the issue.  Slave trade would be stopped in the District of Columbia. Congress would pass a strong fugitive slave law to keep people from helping slaves to escape.  Many of the political leaders knew that, if a compromise was not reached, the Union might come apart, so they supported Clay's idea.  Congress accepted the compromise in 1850.

SECTION 2. THE PROBLEM GETS WORSE

Southerners liked the new fugitive slave law.  They felt like slaves were their property and should be returned to them if they ran away.  Many northerners hated the new law.  It said that all citizens had to help catch runaway slaves.  The slaves were then given a trial before a special commissioner.  The slave could not testify.  The commissioner got $10 if he sent the slave back to his owner but only $5 if he freed the slave.

The new law also said that anyone who was ever a slave could be sent back into slavery.  This made the blacks in the North who had escaped slavery angry and frightened.  Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote UNCLE TOM'S CABIN in 1852.  The novel showed how badly slaves were treated.  After reading the book, many northerners decided to oppose the Fugitive Slave Law and continued to help escaping slaves.

The two main political parties at this time were the Whigs and the Democrats.  In each party, northern and southern members disagreed with each other. In1852, the Whigs' candidate, Franklin Pierce, was elected president. Northerners soon found out that Pierce sympathized with the southerners, and they were afraid he would help slavery spread.

In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas wanted Nebraska to become a state so that a transcontinental railroad could be built.  According to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, slavery would not be allowed in Nebraska.  Some senators wanted slavery in all the states, and they refused to vote for Douglas's bill. Douglas proposed that the area be divided into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska.  The Missouri Compromise would be repealed and popular sovereignty would take its place.  This meant that the people of each territory would decide by voting whether or not to allow slavery.  Congress passed the compromise bill.

Both proslavery (for) and antislavery (against) groups sent settlers to Kansas to try and win the voting. The first election was held in 1855. There were more proslavery voters and they could have won, but many proslavery people from Missouri slipped across the state line and voted.  This unfair election made many northerners mad, especially when Kansas passed harsh proslavery laws.  One law ordered the death penalty for anyone who helped an escaped slave. 

Antislavery supporters set up their own government in Lawrence, Kansas.  The state was soon rocked with so much violence that it was called "Bleeding Kansas".  A mob of proslavery people from Missouri tore into Lawrence, Kansas. They burned down several houses and shot cannon at the Free State Hotel. In Congress, Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina took his cane and beat up Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts.  Sumner never completely recovered from the attack. Near Lawrence, Kansas, an antislavery man named John Brown murdered five proslavery settlers, supposedly in revenge for the earlier attack on Lawrence.  The settlers he killed had nothing to do with the attack.  The Compromise of 1850 was not working.

SECTION 3.  POLITICS AND SLAVERY

People against slavery didn't like the Whigs or the Democrats. In 1854, they started the Republican party to keep slavery out of the new territories. The Republican party quickly gained strength in the North. In the presidential election of 1856, their candidate, John Fremont, took most of the northern states.  The Democrat's candidate, James Buchanan, took every southern state but one.  Buchanan won the election.  The nation was now divided along political lines, with Republicans in the North and Democrats in the South.

Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri.  His owner traveled and took him to Illinois, a free state, and to the free territory of Minnesota.  Then his owner took him back to Missouri.  When his owner died, Dred Scott sued for his freedom.  He said that living in a free state once had made him a free man.  Eventually, the case reached the United States Supreme Court.  The Court ruled that Scott was not allowed to file a suit in any court because slaves and their descendants (children and grandchildren) were not citizens.  The Court said that Missouri law should decide whether or not Scott was a free man.  Missouri law said he was a slave.  The Supreme Court went on to say that the Missouri Compromise was illegal because slaves were property and it kept slaveowners from taking their property into free states.  Northerners hated this court decision.  It meant that slavery had to be allowed in every state and territory.

National attention soon turned to the 1858 senate race in Illinois.  Illinois was a free state, and the country watched to see if the people would elect a Democrat or a Republican for senator.  The Democratic candidate was Senator Stephen Douglas, a well-known political figure.  The Republican candidate was Abraham Lincoln, a newcomer to politics.

Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of seven public debates. The major issue at the debates was slavery.  Lincoln said he didn't care if slavery was allowed in the new territories.  He said blacks and whites might not be equal, but blacks were entitled to some rights.  Douglas believed in popular sovereignty (letting the settlers decide by voting).  In one debate, Lincoln asked him how people could be allowed to decide for themselves, with the Supreme Court's decision on Dred Scott.

Douglas said that if the people didn't want slavery in their territory, they could refuse to pass a slave code. Without this code, slavery could not exist.  Illinois voters liked this idea, and Douglas won the election. Southern Democrats hated the idea.  They felt like Douglas was encouraging settlers in the new territories to stop slavery from spreading.  This issue divided the northern and southern Democrats even more.

SECTION 4.  THE WAR BEGINS

John Brown was an abolitionist. He spent several years raising money for a plan to get guns and lead southern slaves in an uprising.  On October 16, 1859, Brown and 18 other men seized the weapons at the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.  He waited for the slaves to rebel, but they didn't.  John Brown was caught, tried, and hung in public.

Many people in the North thought Brown was a hero and they were angry when he was hung.  Southerners thought that abolitionists were planning slave rebellions.  They decided that their lifestyle would be safe only if the South seceded from, or left, the Union and became a separate country. Senators and Representatives started going to Congress with guns, to protect themselves.

In 1860, the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln for President of the United States.  They tried to please as many voters as possible by being in favor of a protective trade tariff and free land for settlers. They still insisted that there be no slavery in the new territories.  The Democrats could not agree on a candidate, and the party split in two.  Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas.  Southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge.  A new party, the Constitutional Union party, nominated John Bell.

Breckinridge campaigned only in the South.  Lincoln campaigned only in the North.  In fact, his name was not even on the ballot in 10 southern states.  Douglas campaigned in all the states.  The Democrats split their votes between Breckinridge and Douglas.  This, plus the fact that the northern states had more voters, helped Lincoln win the election.  Southerners knew that only one-third of the voters lived in southern states. They would always be outvoted unless they seceded from the Union and started their own country.

On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union.  By February, 1861, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas had also seceded.  Delegates from those states met and formed a new country called the Confederate States of America.  On February 18, Jefferson Davis became the president of the new country.  United States President James Buchanan couldn't do anything about the seceding states.  He was a lame duck president with no power because he was just serving out the rest of his term until the newly elected Lincoln took over.

Lincoln took office in March, 1861.  His biggest goal was to hold the Union together.  The southern states that had seceded wanted to leave peacefully, but Confederate forces began grabbing federal arsenals (places where weapons were stored) in the South.  One of the arsenals they tried to take was Fort Sumter, in South Carolina. Major Anderson, the commander of Fort Sumter, began to run out of supplies.  He asked President Lincoln for help.  Lincoln didn't want to start a war, so he told Confederate officials he would only send food to Fort Sumter. Anderson told the Confederates he would leave on April 15th if he did not receive supplies or orders from Lincoln.  On April 12, 1861, Confederate soldiers opened fire on Fort Sumter.  The North was outraged.  Anderson surrendered on April 13.  The Civil War had begun.

SECTION 5.  READY TO FIGHT

People in the southern states that had seceded were called Confederates. Their country was the Confederate States of America. People in states that stayed in the Union were called Yankees. Their country was the United States of America, referred to as the Union.  Both sides thought they could win the Civil War.  Both sides had to get supplies and troops ready, and Lincoln and Davis were both new presidents.

Seven states in the middle of the country had not committed to either the Union or the Confederacy.  President Lincoln forced them to make a decision by asking them to send him troops after the attack on Fort Sumter. Then Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee quickly seceded from the Union. After some tense arguing, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri voted to stay in the Union.  A total of 11 states seceded from the Union, the other 25 states stayed in.

The Confederates had some advantages.  They would only have to defend their land when the Union attacked.  The Union would have to invade the South and take it over. The Confederate soldiers and military leaders were very well trained. The South also had problems.  Its government was new and had only limited power over each state.  Also, since the South was defending slavery, it would be hard to convince European nations to help them.

The Union's biggest advantage was that it had four times as many soldiers as the South. The Union also had many more factories, and control of the navy and merchant marine.  The North's biggest problem was deciding who its military leaders would be.

The two presidents played important roles. They both needed to show that they were good leaders to get the support of their citizens and soldiers.  Abraham Lincoln soon proved he was a good commander. Jefferson Davis had all the qualifications and experience of a good leader.  However, he tried to do too much.  He involved himself in military matters that should have been left to his generals, and he fought with the Confederate Congress.  His presidency was off to a difficult start.

Both sides tried to get enough volunteers for their armies; but neither side could do it.  At first, the Union tried to get men to enlist by offering bounties-- money paid to new recruits.  Some men joined to get the money.  Others were bounty jumpers.  They would join up, get their bounty, then desert and re-enlist somewhere else and collect another bounty.  The Union still needed more men.  In 1863, the United States passed its first national draft law.  Males from 20 to 45 years old had to serve in the army.  Those with money simply hired other men to serve for them or paid $300 to be exempt from serving.  The Confederacy passed its draft law in 1862.  Men from 18 to 45 had to serve in the military.  Soldiers on both sides felt that it was unfair that rich men didn't have to fight, and many men from both sides deserted.

The South paid for the war by selling war bonds and printing money.  The North raised taxes, sold war bonds, and insisted that federal banks buy federal bonds.  The North also began printing paper money for the first time.  Since the bills were printed in green ink, everyone called them greenbacks.

When the war started, both sides hoped for help from other countries, especially Great Britain.  People in England were divided over which side to support so, in the end, England stayed neutral.  All the other countries stayed out of the war as well.  The war remained a civil war, a war where people in the same country fight against each other.

SECTION 6.  THE FIGHTING STARTS

Both sides thought they could win the Civil War quickly and easily.  However, the war lasted for four years and was very bloody.  It was the worst war yet for the Americans.  In earlier wars, up to 15,000 American soldiers fought in the biggest battles.  In the Civil War, 100,000 men fought in each battle. At least 540,000 soldiers died in the Civil War.  More Americans were killed in the Civil War than in any other war America has ever fought.  Better rifles, better cannons, and poor medical care are the main reasons why so many soldiers died.

When the war started, the Union forces were led by General Winfield Scott.  His plan was to use the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy into three parts, then attack and defeat each part.  An area of war is also called a war theater.

The First Battle of Bull Run was the first battle of the war.  Many Union soldiers thought they could win the war quickly, and they were eager to fight the Confederates.  Lincoln sent them to attack a Confederate camp at Bull Run creek in Virginia. Spectators and newspaper reporters came to watch the battle.  They sat on a hill overlooking the battlefield and ate picnic lunches while they watched.  Everyone thought the Union soldiers would win, but the battle was fought poorly.

Commanders on both sides had trouble controlling the large numbers of soldiers.  Union forces fought well, but the Confederate general, "Stonewall" Jackson, refused to retreat.  When more Confederate soldiers arrived, the Union soldiers ran. Southerners cheered the victory, and northerners realized it was going to be a long war.

Before the war, the South imported manufactured goods (tools, furniture, etc.) from the North and from Europe. During the war, the South could only buy from Europe.  The North tried to cut off the South's harbors by blockading or capturing them.  Both sides destroyed many of their opponent's wooden warships.  Then, the South developed a warship covered with iron plate.  It was the old MERRIMAC, refitted and renamed the VIRGINIA.  The VIRGINIA destroyed a lot of northern ships until the North made its own ironclad ship, the MONITOR.

The Union general, Ulysses S. Grant, was in charge of defeating the western Confederate theater.  His goal was to take control of the Mississippi River. Grant started in February, 1862.  He first conquered Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.  Then, in April, 1862, he defeated the Confederates at the battle of Shiloh.  When he was done, Vicksburg was the only Confederate stronghold left on the river.

The Union didn't do as well in the eastern theater. After the defeat at Bull Run, Lincoln put General George McClellan in charge of that region. After training his soldiers for a year, he set out to attack Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederacy.  McClellan's plan depended on speed and surprise, but he moved so cautiously that the Confederate forces had plenty of time to get ready.  The troops fought from May to July, 1862.

When the Confederate general was wounded, Robert E. Lee took his place.  Lee had a brilliant plan. He sent Stonewall Jackson to fight the Union in another part of Virginia. Jackson did so well that Lincoln was afraid Washington, D.C. was in danger. He sent soldiers to fight Jackson instead of Lee.  Without extra troops coming to help, McClellan had to retreat and let Lee win the battle of Richmond. Union generals tried to attack Richmond again, but Lee and Jackson defeated them at the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 28 and 29, 1862.  The Union soldiers had to retreat again.

In September, 1862, General Lee launched a bold offensive into Maryland.  He sent part of his troops with General Jackson to capture the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia.  By luck, General McClellan managed to get a copy of Lee's battle plan.  He attacked Lee on September 17 at Antietam Creek, before Jackson could get there to help Lee. Lee was forced to retreat back to Virginia. This was an important victory for the Union. Unfortunately, it was also probably the bloodiest single day of the war.  Lee lost 11,000 men and McClellan lost 13,000.

SECTION 7.  THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

At first, northerners wanted to win the war to preserve the Union, whether or not slavery was allowed.  However, as the war went on, more northerners wanted slavery to end.  Lincoln also changed his mind as the war went on.  At first his only goal was to preserve the Union, but he soon realized that abolitionists were gaining strong support. In 1862, Congress passed antislavery laws. One law kept Union officers from returning escaped slaves to their owners. Another law allowed Lincoln to recruit blacks for the Union army.

Lincoln knew he had to respond to the abolitionists.  The Union victory at Antietam gave him the chance.  On September 22, 1862, he issued a proclamation that all slaves in Confederate states would be free as of January 1, 1863.  He hoped this threat would get the Confederates to surrender in order to protect slavery, but it didn't work.  The South did not surrender.  So, on January 1, Lincoln formally issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in the Confederate states.

When the Civil War started, blacks did not have many rights in the northern states, although they were free.  They could only vote in a few places.  They could not go to school with whites or ride on public transportation. During the war, reformers were strong enough to help northern blacks gain some of those rights. Shortly after the war ended, blacks were given citizenship by the 14th Amendment.

When the war began, many blacks volunteered as cooks, drivers, and scouts for the Union army, even though they knew that they would be killed instantly if they were captured.  In 1862, blacks were allowed to enlist in the army and over 200,000 of them became Union soldiers. They still were not treated as equals.  They were paid less. They had poorer weapons and medical care.  They were assigned to all-black regiments.  However, they fought bravely in many battles.  This bravery helped them gain acceptance among whites and strengthened the movement for black rights.

SECTION 8.  LIFE DURING THE WAR

There were some northerners that did not like the war.  Some supported the Confederacy and slavery.  Others felt their jobs were threatened by free blacks, and they did not want to fight in a war to free more blacks. Some were poor people who resented having to fight when rich people could pay a fee and get out of it. Others were just tired of war.  Loyal northerners called these people copperheads, meaning they were as bad as poisonous snakes for not supporting the Union.

Lincoln was afraid of what might happen if these people spoke out and gained more support.  In 1863, he suspended people's Constitutional rights, so that they could be arrested for resisting the draft or helping Confederate soldiers.  Even after this, some people opposed the war, especially the draft.  Riots broke out in large cities like New York.  This kind of opposition went on until the war ended.  Over 13,000 people were arrested for disloyalty.

The Civil War increased the North's need for goods.  Production went up in industry and farming.  The demand for goods caused prices to rise by 50 percent between 1860 and 1862.  However, wages only rose by 10 percent.  Northerners could not afford to buy as many things as they could before the war started.

People suffered much more in the South.  Most of the battles took place in the South, so a lot of property and crops were destroyed.  The Confederacy didn't have very many factories, so they could not fix machines or railroad tracks. They had trouble moving soldiers and supplies, especially food.  Prices soared sky high because goods were scarce.

Some southerners did not support the draft or the war.  In fact, the people who lived in the western part of Virginia formed their own government.  They joined the Union in 1863 as the state of West Virginia.  Many Confederate states would not give up their power to Jefferson Davis.  Even Davis's vice president criticized him.

Women were not allowed to fight.  Women on both sides did start aid societies to collect supplies for the troops. They also operated places that gave food, drink, and medical care to soldiers.  Many women also began to work on farms, plantations, in government offices, and as nurses. Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton were important women who organized care for wounded Union soldiers.  Black women in the North also worked in hospitals and the field.  They also helped escaped slaves get settled.  Harriet Tubman was a spy for the Union.

SECTION 9.  LAST DAYS OF THE WAR

After two years of fighting, it became more likely that the South would lose.  However, they did win some major battles.  On December 13, 1862, General Lee and his troops stopped another Union attack on Richmond. On May 3, 1863, Lee and Jackson defeated Union troops at Chancellorsville, Virginia, in ten minutes. However, Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot twice by a Confederate soldier.  He died soon after.  This was a great loss to the South.

These victories inspired the Confederacy.  General Lee led his troops into Pennsylvania.  In Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, advance soldiers of his army unexpectedly ran into Union soldiers led by General George Meade. On July 1, 1863, a major battle began. Union soldiers were positioned on Cemetery Ridge.  Lee tried several times to take the ridge, but he never could.  He was forced to retreat back to Virginia. This was a major turning point in the war and the beginning of the end for the Confederacy.

Union General Ulysses S. Grant wanted to take Vicksburg, Mississippi, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River.  Grant managed to surround Vicksburg and cut it off from help.  After six weeks, the Confederates surrendered. This was on July 4, 1863, the day after the Battle of Gettysburg ended. On July 9, Union forces captured Port Hudson, Louisiana.  After that, Union forces controlled the entire Mississippi River.

The Union soldiers then pushed eastward.  In September, 1863, they captured a strategic railroad center at Chattanooga, Tennessee.  In the spring of 1864, Lincoln put Grant in charge of the whole Union army. Grant came up with a three part plan.  He sent General Philip Sheridan with troops to the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. There, they destroyed the land so that no crops could be grown until after the war.  Next, General William Sherman was to march his troops from Chattanooga to Atlanta, while Grant took his soldiers from Washington to Richmond.  Their goal was to defeat the enemy troops and break the South's spirit.

Sherman left Chattanooga with 100,000 soldiers on May 6, 1864.  For the next four months, they marched across Georgia. Wherever they went, they took what they wanted and destroyed the rest.  They destroyed railroad tracks, cotton gins, and anything else that might help Confederate troops.  Their path of destruction was 60 miles wide.  Confederate forces tried to stop them, but couldn't.  On September 1, Sherman's men captured Atlanta, Georgia.  The North was so happy about the victory in Atlanta that they re-elected Lincoln in 1864.

In mid-November, Sherman left Atlanta.  He told his soldiers to burn the city, and they did.  Sherman marched on to Savannah, Georgia. He took that city on December 21, 1864.  Sherman's march to the sea was over.

General Grant led his soldiers from Washington to Richmond.  In May, 1864, his troops arrived in Fredericksburg, Virginia. General Lee tried to hold him, but he was forced to retreat to Petersburg, Virginia.  Grant followed and soon had Lee's troops cut off from all help.  Lee held out from June, 1864, until April, 1865.  On April 2, Lee withdrew.  Grant captured Petersburg and Richmond, then pursued Lee's troops.

A week later, Grant's troops had Lee trapped near a small town called Appomattox Court House.  On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered. Lee and Grant met to discuss the terms of the surrender.  Grant's terms were very generous.  As Lee rode back to his men on his horse, Grant's troops started to cheer for their victory. Grant immediately ordered them to stop cheering.  The Confederates were their countrymen again.  The Civil War was over.

End of Chapter 15.

The homework assignment is shown below.  Students would complete the multiple-choice study questions, then use them as a study guide to prepare to take a test over this chapter’s material. 

Each ½ credit course consists of 16 chapters with homework assignments/exams, two quarter exams, and a semester final.

Each 1 credit course consists of 32 chapters with homework assignments/exams, four quarter exams, and a course final.

                 1.    Stonewall Jackson died after being shot twice by a

                       a. Union soldier

                       b. slave

                       c. Confederate soldier.

                 2.    Robert E. Lee lost the Battle of Gettysburg to General

                       a. George Meade

                       b. Ulysses S. Grant

                       c. George McClellan.

                 3.    Union forces captured Vicksburg to get complete control of the

                       a. Appalachian Mountains

                       b. Mississippi River

                       c. Confederate capital.

                 4.    From 1864 to 1865, the Union army was headed by

                       a. Ulysses S. Grant

                       b. William Sherman

                       c. George McClellan.

                 5.    The beginning of the end for the Confederacy was the Battle of

                       a. Antietam

                       b. Vicksburg

                       c. Gettysburg.

                 6.    General Sheridan's purpose in the Shenandoah Valley was to

                       a. destroy croplands

                       b. capture the railroad

                       c. burn Richmond, Virginia.

                 7.    On Sherman's march to the sea, his men destroyed much of

                       a. Tennessee

                       b. Virginia

                       c. Georgia.

                 8.    In mid November, 1864, Sherman ordered his men to set fire to

                       a. Richmond

                       b. Atlanta

                       c. Memphis.

                 9.    Richmond, Virginia, was captured in April, 1865, by General

                       a. Grant

                       b. Sherman

                       c. Lee.

               10.    The Civil War ended when Robert E. Lee surrendered at

                       a. Richmond, Virginia

                       b. Appomattox Court House

                       c. Washington, D.C.

               11.    General Lee surrendered to

                       a. Abraham Lincoln

                       b. Ulysses S. Grant

                       c. William Sherman.

               12.    The Civil War lasted from

                       a. 1861 to 1864

                       b. 1863 to 1866

                       b. 1861 to 1865.

               13.    The Civil War was won by the

                       a. Union

                       b. South

                       c. Confederacy.

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